补习:求英语初中一些重点句型知识点
动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…,
sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句
中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
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11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last
week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马
路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time
for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to
bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came
tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去
时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some.
我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
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11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
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11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
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11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
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11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
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11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
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11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
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11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
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11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
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11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
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11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
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11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
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11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
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11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
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11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
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11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
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11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
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11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
选that,that引导定语从句,修饰tests,整句话意思是,你认为大多数学生都喜欢有着简单问题的考试么?如果选择prefer,那么to则是介词,后面应跟V-ing
prefer最常见的意思是"宁可"、"宁愿(选择)"、"比较喜欢"、"更喜欢"等, 可以构成以下结构。
一. prefer sth.
"Do you like French?""Yes, but I prefer English.""你喜欢法语吗?""喜欢,但是我更喜欢英语。"
"Which do you prefer, rice or bread?""Either will do.""你比较喜欢吃什么,米饭还是面包?""随便哪一个都行."
注:prefer是"比较喜欢,更喜欢"的意思,即like better,因此就不能再与better, more等比较级词语连用。
二.prefer over sth.
I prefer over this newly-built lab, and you? 我比较喜欢这个新建的实验室,你呢?
They prefer over new works that sing of their life today. 他们更喜欢歌颂他们今天生活的新作品。
三. prefer sth. above all others
I prefer the book above all others. 我最喜欢这本书。
The middle-aged man
prefers swimming above all others. 这位中年人最喜欢游泳。
四. prefer A to B
I prefer the original book to the revised edition. 我觉得原书比修订本好。
Those Red Army men preferred death to surrender in their struggle with the enemy. 在对敌斗争中,那些红军战士宁死不屈。
五. prefer doing A to doing B
Even on holidays Mr. Wang preferred reading to doing nothing. 即使在假日,王先生宁愿读书而不愿闲着。
注:在这种结构中,to为介词,而不是不定式符号,故其后应当接动名词形式,决不能接动词原形。另外,为了保持前后对应关系,prefer后面也应当接动名词形式。
六. prefer to do sth.
They prefer to spend the rest of the morning wandering in the streets. 他们比较喜欢把早上剩下的时间都用来在街上闲逛。
七. prefer doing sth.
So you prefer speaking without referring to your notes? 这么说,你更喜欢不看稿子做报告了?
Mr. Brown preferred spending his spare time doing some reading. 布朗先生比较喜欢把业余时间用来读点书。
注: 这种prefer后面接动名词的结构,用来谈论一般情况下"更喜欢某种活动",而在一个特定场合下表示"特别喜欢"时,得用上述prefer后接动词不定式结构。
八. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
These workers prefered to work extra hours at night rather than leave the work until the next week. 这些工人宁愿加班干,也不愿把工作留到下一个星期。
注:这种结构中的rather than可以置于句首。例如:
Rather than go on holiday to the seaside I prefer to work days and go to school nights. 我宁愿白天工作,晚上上学,而不愿到海边度假。
注:有时rather可以移至第一个不定式之前,而让than留在第二个不定式之前,即为prefer rather...than结构.这种用法多见于书面语言,在口语中很少用.例如:
She prefers rather to sew than to knit. 她喜欢缝纫而不爱编织。
九. prefer to do sth. rather than doing sth.
They prefer to join in the celebrations rather than going on a visit to the Palace Museum. 他们宁愿参加庆祝活动而不愿参观故宫。
注:有时名词也可用于rather than之后,这种用法多用以表示在某种具体场合的选择。例如:
"What shall we have for lunch, rice or buns?""I prefer rice rather than buns.""我们午饭吃什么,米饭还是圆面包?""我宁可吃米饭而不想吃圆面包。"
这句话表示:在这种具体的场合"我宁可吃米饭。"实际可视为在prefer 和rather than之后均省略了to have.
注:有时该结构前后两个不定式意思相同,仅各自带有不同的修饰附加成分,那么第二个不定式可予以省略,只保留不同的修饰附加成分而置于rather than之后。例如:
Mr. Smith preferred to meet us downstairs rather than upstairs. 史密斯先生宁愿在楼下而不愿在楼上会见我们。
十. prefer sb. to do sth.
I prefer you to spare some time to come to our art exhibition next week. 我宁愿你们下星期抽出点时间来看看我们的美展。
十一. prefer+that-clause.在that宾语从句中,我们应当用虚拟语气"should+动词原形",其中的should可以省略。
We prefer that each new student take a science course. 我们希望每位新生修一门理科课程.
十二. prefer sth. (or sb.)+adj.
I prefer the door open. 我宁愿门开着。
I prefer my coffee black. 我爱喝不加奶的咖啡。
以下动词有(v.)+sb of sth的搭配
(1) accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人犯某事(罪),指责某人做某事/控告某人某事,指责某人某事
The policeman accused him of murder. 警察控告他谋杀。
The teacher accused me of being late. 老师指责我迟到了。
He accused them of having broken theirword.他指责他们没有遵守诺言。
His teacher accused him of cheating in theexamination.他的老师说他考试作弊。
The neighbours may accuse you of playing yourradio too loudly.
邻居可以告你收音机声音太大。
He was accused of stealing in thesupermarket.他被控告在超市里行窃。
(2) cheat sb. fo sth. 骗取某人某物 /骗走某人某物
The man cheated the old lady of all her money. 那人骗走了老太太所有的钱。
(3) cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的病,改掉某人的坏习惯 /治愈某人的疾病,纠正某人的坏习惯
This medicine cured him of his headache. 这种药治好了他的头痛。
He was cured of his habit of drinking. 他已改掉了喝酒的习惯了。
This medicine cured me of my cold.这种药治好了我的感冒。
Parents try to cure their children of badhabits.父母努力纠正孩子的不良习惯。
(4) inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某情况(事)/. 通知某人某事
He informed me of his safe arrivel at USA. 他告知我他已平安到达美国。
Has she been informed of her mother’sdeath yet?有人把她母亲去世的消息告诉她了吗?
I hope you will keep us informed of how youare getting on with the work.
希望你们不断把工作进展情况告诉我们。
(5) remind sb. of sth (sb). 使某人想起某情况(事)/使某人想起某事(某人)
(使某人想起某事(某人)
The story reminds me of my past. 这个故事使我想起了我的过去。
You remind me of your father. (看到)你使我想起了你父亲。
Thanks for your gift---it will alwaysremind me of you.
谢谢你们的礼物---它将使我经常想到你们。
This reminded them of the days when they werein the army.这使他们想起了在部队的日
(6) rid sb. of sth. 使某人摆脱某物(去除、清除;摆脱、解脱)
You should rid yourself of that bad habit. 你必须改掉那个坏习惯。
Further measures will be taken to rid ourstreets of crime.将采取进一步的措施来防止街头犯罪。
The dentist rid me of the pain by taking outthe tooth.
(牙科)大夫把这颗牙拔掉,消除了我的疼痛。
We must try every way to rid ourselves ofthese debts.我们要想尽一切办法来摆脱这些债务。
It’s not easy to rid oneself of a habit.要改掉一个人的习惯是不容易的。
【九】动词近义词辨析用法讲解
bring , take , fetch , get , carry
这几个动词都有“携带”、“运送”的意思。但它们表示的动作方向不同。
bring是“带来”,从另外一个地方把东西带到说话的地方来。
例如:Don’t forget to bring a dictionary withyou . 别忘了把辞典带来。
take是“带去”,从说话的地方把东西拿到另外的一个地方。
例如:Please take the small blackboard to theclassroom 请把这块小黑板带到教室去。
fetch是“去取”,“去拿来”,从说话的地方出发到另外一个地方,然后将东西拿到说话的地方例如:Please fetch me some chalk .请给我拿些粉笔来。
carry表示运送,暗含东西“重”。没有明确的方向。
例如:The bus can carry 30 passengers.这种公交车限乘30名乘客。
spend,pay,cost,take
主语是人 Sb. spend … on sth. 某人花了…(时间、金钱)在某事上。
(in) doing sth. 某人花了…(时间、金钱)做某事。
主语是人Sb. pay …for sth. 某人为某物花了…钱。
主语是事或物 Sth. cost sb. … 某物花了某人…钱。
Ittakes/took sb. … to do sth. 花了某人…(时间、金钱)做某事。
★begin , start“开始”
一般可以通用,但start较为口语化。It has begun(started)raining . 已经开始下雨了。
Begin是普通用语,指开始某一动作或进程,其反义词是end.
例如:New term begins on September 1st.新学期9月1日开始。
Start动作性较强,着重于开始着手这一点,带有突然开始的意思,其反义词为stop.还可表示“动身”、“开动”“出发”,“创办”,“开设”等意思,而begin则不能这样用。例如:
They start for Beijing tomorrow . 他们明天动身去北京。
★dress , have sth. on , wear , put on
它们都有“穿”、“戴”的意思。但用法不同。
have sth. on表示穿戴的状态。He had a straw hat on . 他戴了一顶草帽。
wear表示穿戴的状态。
She likes to wear the light green dress . 她喜欢穿浅绿色的衣服。
put on表示穿戴的动作。
You’d better put on your overcoat beforegoing out . 出门之前你最好穿上大衣。
dress既表动作也表状态。The mother is dressing her baby . 母亲正给她的婴儿穿衣服。
★after , in
After+时间段 表达过去一段时间以后,常用于过去时态的句子;
I received the letter after two days . 我是两天以后收到这封信的。
After+时间点 表示将来一段时间以后,用于将来时态的句子。
He will arrive after four o’clock .
in+时间段 以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。
You will receive the letter in three days . 你三天以后将收到这封信。
★a number of ,the numberof
a number of 意为“一些”、“许多”。谓语动词常用复数形式。
例如:A number of people are waiting for thebus there.许多人在那里等公共汽车。
the number of 表示“......的数目”,作为句子的主语部分时,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如:The number of deer,nountain lions,andwild roses does not change much.
鹿、美洲狮和野玫瑰的数量并不起很大的变化。
★on,in和with.
on:表示使用通讯工具、信息或传媒,乘坐交通工具等;I don’t want to talk about it on the phone.
in:使用语言文字等媒介;Can you speak it in English?
with:借助具体的手段或工具。Don’t write it with a red pen.
★at , on , in
三者都可以表示“在……的时候”。
At:表示在哪个时刻用;I get up at six o’clock in the morning . 我早晨六点起床。
On:表示在哪一天,哪一天的早上(下午、晚上);on Wednesday , on Sunday morning ,
on May I , on a cold morning in 1936
in:表示在哪一年(季、月),在上午,下午等。in September , in the morning , in theafternoon
★too much, too many, much too
too much + 不可数名词
too many + 可数名词
much too + 形容词
★few, a few; little , a little.
虽然都表示“少”,但
(1)few, a few是可数的, little, a little是不可数的。
(2)a few, a little含肯定意味,few, little含否定意味。
e.g. They have a little ink, don't they? 他们有一点墨水,是吗?
They have little ink, do they? 他们几乎没有墨水,是吗?
She has a few Chinese friends, doesn't she? 他有几位中国朋友,是吗?
She has few Chinese friends, does she? 他几乎没有几位中国朋友,是吗?
She has a little dog.
她有一只小狗。
★can, be able to
表示能力这一意义时can和be able to基本相同,但can只有两个时态即现在时(can)与过去时(could)而be able to有多种形式。对未来的能力做决定时,一般用can. 用于过去时态时,be able to与can意义不完全相同,was able to意为“有这种能力,而且利用这种能力设法做成了某事”,而could只单纯地表达有某种能力。
★must, have to
must表示说话人的主观看法;而have to则表示客观需要。mustn’t意为"不可以;不允许";don’t have to意为"不必"。如:
My father had to work when he was ten yearsold.
The play is not interesting. I really must gonow.
★ago , before
ago立足于现在,表示从现在起,若干时间之前;ago 通常与一般过去时连用,不能与完成时连用;
I met him three years ago .(距今)三年前,我遇到他。
before立足过去,表示从过去某一时刻起,若干时间以前。before通常与过去完成时连用。 I had met him three years before .(距当时)三年前我见到他一次。
★alone, lonely
alone表示“单独,独自一个人,”强调客观状态,作表语或状语用。
Though I am alone , I am not lonely . 虽然我孤独一人,但我并不感到寂寞。
Lonely表示“孤独寂寞”,强调主观感觉,作定语和表语。另外说明特点时还有“人迹稀少的”,“荒凉的”意思。He was taken to a lonely house . 他被带到一个荒无人烟的房子内。
★also , either , too , as well
also用于肯定句. You study English and I also study it . 你学英语,我也学。
either用于否定句,并放在句尾;
You don’t study English and I don't study iteither . 你不学英语,我也不学。
Too用于肯定句,位置通常在句末,前边常用逗号;也可用于句中,前后均有逗号。
You are a student and I am a student , too . 你是学生,我也是。
as well 用于肯定句,放在句尾,多用于口语。例如:
You know the way and I know it as well . 你知道路,我也知道。
★among , between
between表示“两者”之间
Do you know the difference between the twowords ? 你知道这两个词有什么不同吗?
among表示“三者或三者以上之间。
He is the most energetic boy among them . 他是他们中间精力最饱满的孩子。
★arrive , reach , get to
三者都有“到达”之意。
reach为及物动词。They reached Tianjin yesterday . 昨天他们到达天津。
arrive为不及物动词,后面接介词in或at。到达的是大地方用in,小地点用at.
get to常用于口语,可代替前二者。表示到达时,如果地点是副词home, here, there, 就省略介词to.例如:When did you get here? 你什么时候到达这里的?
★as , when , while
When:可与一个点的时间或表示一段的时间连用,从句动词可以是短暂性或延续性动词。从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时,也同先于主句的动作;
When the teacher came in , the students stoodup . 当老师进来时,学生们起立。
While:只指一段时间,不能指一点时间。因此while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。表示一段较长的时间或一个过程,主句和从句的动作同时发生。
Don’t talk while you are eating . 吃饭时你不要说话。
As:主句和从句的动作同时发生,有时可译作“一边……,一边”。
★because , because of“因为”
because是连词,引导状语从句。
We stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨,我们呆在家。
because of是短语介词,后面接名词性词语。
We stayed at home because of the rain . 因为下雨,我们呆在家。
★besides , except , except for , but“除……之外”
besides的意思是“除……之外,还有……”,是肯定的;,包括 besides 后面的宾语在内,含有“加上”的意思。
I have three other pens besides this . 除了这支笔外,我还有另外三支笔。
except(but)的意思是“除……之外,没有……”是否定的;不包括 except 后的宾语在内,含有“减去”的意思。
建议你五三的书,哪里不好看哪里。很管用的。
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