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The Sixth Extinction By Niles Eldredge

About 30,000 species go extinct annually.
大约每年有30000种物种走向灭绝。

There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is

currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five

great mass extinctions of the geological past.
在生物学专家心中都有一个小小的疑问，地球是否在面临着可能媲美过去五大物种灭绝的另

一次不断增加的物种灭绝。
As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is

currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year -- which

breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour.
早在1993年，哈佛一名生物学家，E.O. Wilson就预测地球物种正在以每年30000种的速度消

失, 而这种令人心悸的预测则被更为恐怖的每小时3种的统计结果结束了.
Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis -- this "Sixth

Extinction" -- is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.
The previous mass extinctions were due to natural causes.
一些生物学家已经开始察觉到生物多样性的危机了. Wilson预测说这次的第六次物种灭绝,

比以往五次更为严重,更为紧迫。前几次大量物种灭绝的发生，只是因为自然原因。

Extinction in the past
过去的几次大量物种灭绝

The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay

outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and

entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?
过去的几次生物界翻天覆地的变化，原因都不外乎正常的天气还有其他的物理因素干扰这些

物理因素，而整个生态系统都安然度过了。这些都是怎样发生的呢？

* First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and

sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end

-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life

(little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family

may consist of a few to thousands of species).
第一次大量物种灭绝（c.440 mya）:较为严重的突然全球变冷似乎先发生，然后就有了

引起海洋物种显著变化的后奥陶纪的大量物种灭绝（当时很少或者根本没有生物在大路上生

存），大约25%的物种科目消失了（一个物种科目可能含有几十到上千的物种）。
* Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of

the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate

change. 19% of families lost.
第二次大量物种灭绝（c. 370 mya）：第二次类似的事件发生在大概泥盆纪结束的时候

，尚未清楚是否由于全球气候的变化。这次有19%的物种科目消失了。
* Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at

the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of

the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted

in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a

bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54%

of families lost.
第三次大量物种灭绝（c. 245 mya）:地质构造论中二迭纪发生的大范围地壳运动和气

候的复杂多变可以解释这次起码到现在为止是最大规模的大量物种灭绝。但在最近，又有证

据说类似于后白垩纪的流星事件可能是这次物种灭绝的主要原因。这次54%的物种科目被灭

绝了。
* Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic

Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains

difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost.
第四次大量物种灭绝（c.210 mya）:这次大量物种灭绝发生在发生在三叠纪后期，在进

化出恐龙和哺乳动物之后不久。这次物种灭绝很难精确确定出原因。23%的物种科目消失了

。
* Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most

recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining

terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across

the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record.

Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one

(possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide

(probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event

that produced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events

that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly

succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost.
第五次大量物种灭绝(c. 65 mya):物种灭绝中最为著名的可能莫过于距离现在最近的

在白垩纪末发生的第五次物种灭绝. 根据对化石的研究发现,在这次物种灭绝中,陆地恐龙和

鹦鹉螺都完全消失. 有着同样命运的还有许多物种谱中的生物. 在过去十年中,大家都认为

这次物种灭绝的原因在于一次(也有可能是多次)地球与宇宙流星(很有可能是彗星)的相撞.

但一些地质学家持不同意见。他们把原因归结于产生了印度德干traps（陷阱？）的火山运

动而造成的生态系统的剧烈变动，最终使陆地上和海里的许多生物迅速走向灭绝。

The current mass extinction is caused by humans.
现在我们面临的大量物种灭绝是人为因素造成的。
How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events?
第六次大量物种灭绝与之前有什么不同呢？

At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem

to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which

is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the

direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world

through such activities as:
初步来看，过去五次大量物种灭绝对现在第六次认为造成的物种灭绝没有任何可借鉴意义，

因为毫无疑问人类造成了如下几种情况，给生态系统造成了很大压力，给物种带来了灭绝：

* transformation of the landscape
地貌的改变
* overexploitation of species
物种资源的过度开发
* pollution
污染
* the introduction of alien species
带来了外来物种

And because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally

and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the

first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a

physical, cause.
同样由于智人很明显是动物的一员（虽然行为和外貌上不很像动物），第六次物种灭绝似乎

是有史以来第一次由生物而不是物理环境变化引起的。

We are bringing about massive changes in the environment.
我们给环境带来了剧烈的变化。
Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of

the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that

extraterrestrial impact -- through its sheer explosive power, followed

immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the

atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically,

photosynthesis was severely inhibited -- wreaked havoc on the living systems of

Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now:

humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet.
Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.
然而进一步的说，人类对于地球的影响，完全相当于白垩纪的彗星撞击。彗星带来了爆炸性

的力量，紧接着把碎片带到大气上层，引起了全球气候降低，还有最重要的，极大地降低了

光合作用，就像是对地球生态系统的愤怒轰炸一样。这完全和现在人类正在对这颗行星做的

一样：人类正在给这颗行星的物理环境带来巨大的改变，而这种改变，自从人类出现便已经

开始了。
What is the Sixth Extinction?
什么是第六次大量物种灭绝？

We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:
我们可以把第六次大量物种灭绝分为两段

* Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to

different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago.
第一阶段开始于100，000年前现代人类分散到世界各地
* Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture.
第二阶段开始与10，000年前人类开始了农业劳动
先翻译到这里。。。有空我会接着翻。。。

太长了，你还是加我的QQ吧。416214890，我帮你翻。
打字不易，如满意，望采纳。

可持续性指标（SI）：
SI在0。033到0。087中波动，当忽略了辐射的影响时。然而，它在0。024到0。064之间变换，当考虑到辐射的影响。后面的那数据大约比前面低了26%。因此可以表示，辐射会大量地减少产业的可持续性。
通常来讲，这一时代，中国的钢铁生产的可持续性降低了。根据先前的分析，许多不可再生能源和购买的投入让其的可持续性变得很低，然而不可再生能源效率的下降，以及可再生能源占总量的减少，让这个问题变得更加严重。辐射对可持续性有很重要的影响，但是这写影响在上一个年代已经普遍降低。
5．讨论
那个研究表明辐射的影响在这个年代已经普遍降低，但是它依然明显地减少中国钢铁生产的可持续性。依照这些年的这些指标的趋势来看，关于EL，ELP，PT的结果是比较良好的。但是从另外五个指标（EYR，EIR，ELR，RENERGY/NENERGY 和N（F2 T R3 R2）体现出了更多在可持续性方面的不良结果。结果，这个行业的可持续性依然很低，并且还在缓慢地降低，主要是在大量的不可再生能源的投入方面，和效率低下的可再生能源和能量。因此，中国的钢铁行业应该做一些测量（83-85）来在未来的几年里，提高其表现，业绩。一方面，一些先进的技术和手艺应该逐渐地在此行业中普及，比如干式淬火技术的拓展和优化，优化电炉的能源供应，关于制造钢坯的热传递和热装料的优化程序，煤气和蒸汽的循环使用，或者有效的再利用，通过整流器。从烧结物和炼焦炉中的热回收，以及电炉蒸发降温。另一方面，加强可再生能源在总能源消耗中的比例是很重要的，如水力发电能源来代替不可再生能源，在某些中国南方的钢铁厂里。再者，更多的减量排放很重要，尤其是控制在废气里的二氧化碳和二氧化氮，和在废水里的NH4T-N。在其中，工厂重建或者关闭中，小型的钢铁厂，来普遍化先进的技术和手艺，是非常重要的。
6．总结
排放的影响，主要是空气污染物，在1998-2004在普遍地下降，但是它们明显地影响中国钢铁产业的可持续性。空气污染物的控制，尤其是二氧化碳和二氧化氮的控制，应该在未来更加重视。产业的可持续性非常低，并且在这个年代缓慢地下降。普及一些先进的技术和手艺，是非常重要的。

(1)楼上请 upstairs please
问讯处 information desk
售票处 box office
游客止步 the visitor halts
油漆未干 fresh paint
非工作人员不得入内 not worker cannot into inside, beware of the pickpocket
当心扒手 beware of the pickpocket
巴士专线 bus special line
到此为止 stop here
招聘教师 invite the teacher
港人治港，高度自治。 harbor the person cures the harbor, high autonomy.
浓茶 Strong tea
浓墨 thick ink
浓烟 thick smoke
青山 Green mountain
青天 blue sky
青布 the cloth of green
开车 Drive
开船 sail
开机器 open the machine
上单车 Top bicycle
上飞机 top airplane
上山 climb mountain
看问题 See the problem
(质量保证）

(1)楼上请 upstairs please
问讯处 information desk
售票处 box office
游客止步 closed to public
油漆未干 wet paint
非工作人员不得入内 staff only
当心扒手 beware of the pickpocket
巴士专线 bus lane
到此为止 stop here
招聘教师 teacher wanted
(2) 港人治港，高度自治。 Hong Kong people govern Hong Kong, highly autonomy.
浓茶 Strong tea
浓墨 thick ink
浓烟 heavy smoke
青山 Green mountain
青天 blue sky
青布 indigo cloth
开车 Drive
开船 sail
开机器 start the machine
上单车 ride bicycle
上飞机 boarding airplane
上山 climb mountain
看问题 look at the problem
(质量保证）

开机器应该是run the machine.

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